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Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) include human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and hu‐ man induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSC). Due to their inherent ability to self-renew in‐ definitely in vitro and to give rise to essentially all cell lineages, both cell types have enormous potential for applications in regenerative medicine, but differ in their origin. HESC are derived from early pre-implantation stage embryos and have the capacity, known as pluripotency, to generate any other cell type of the human body. HESC can be differentiat‐ ed in the laboratory, a procedure aimed at the generation of healthy somatic cells that even‐ tually could be used in a large variety of applications including therapeutic options. However, work with hESC raises ethical concerns regarding the use of human early pre-im‐ plantation embryos, as well as concerns regarding the future use of hESC-derived cells in non-autologous cell transplantation therapies due to immune rejection of hESC-derived tis‐ sues, given that hESC are non-self. These concerns appeared to be overcome when it was demonstrated that pluripotency could be induced in differentiated somatic (adult) cells of the body by introduction of a cocktail of pluripotency-associated transcription factors, usu‐ ally OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC [1]. This process is known as reprogramming, and gener‐ ates human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSC), which show an embryonic-like state similar to hESC (for review see [2]). Human iPSC are considered to have immense potential for regenerative medicine, do not require the use of donated human embryos for their gen‐ eration and may provide an alternative and suitable resource for autologous cell-based therapies, in which cells obtained from the patient could be used to generate self-hIPSC fol‐ lowed by differentiation to relevant lineages required for therapeutic intervention. Howev‐ er, disturbingly, mouse experiments have shown that autologous mouse iPSC can induce

Safety Assessment of Reprogrammed Cells Prior to Clinical Applications: Potential Approaches to Eliminate Teratoma Formation