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Whiplash experiments using human subjects are important tools for evaluating biological response during collisions and can provide key insights into mechanisms of injury (Muhlbauer et al., 1999). Human experimentation, including whiplash-like perturbation testing, is essential to evaluate the kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic responses to enable mathematical models to predict the loads within neck structures (Choi & Vanderby, 1999). Although some experimentation has been performed with staged collisions between actual automobiles (Welcher & Szabo, 2001; Severy et al., 1955; Castro et al., 2001; Brault et al., 1998), more typically, human testing has been performed using experimental sleds (Dehner et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2005b; Kumar et al., 2002; Muhlbauer et al., 1999; Siegmund et al., 2003; Kaneoka et al., 1999). One limitation of sled testing is that the perturbation pulse varies from trial to trial due to the varying inertia between subjects, and the varying effective inertia as subjects respond differently to the perturbation. This is an important issue since certain properties of the crash pulse influence the risk of injury (Kullgren et al., 2000; Hynes & Dickey, 2008). In order to address this limitation, some researchers have developed advanced test sleds that incorporate feedback-controlled linear motors to enable them to precisely control the properties of the perturbation pulse (Siegmund et al., 2005; Siegmund et al., 2004). This approach offers considerable advantage over spring (Magnusson et al., 1999), gravity (Kaneoka et al., 1999) and pneumatic (Kumar et al., 2002; Hernandez et al., 2005) driven sleds, yet it is still limited to simulating the anterior-posterior motion of vehicles. In contrast, research from experimental automobile collision studies that have used real vehicles has shown that the vehicle accelerations include substantial vertical accelerations (Severy et al., 1955; Welcher & Szabo, 2001) due to factors such as the vehicle suspension and bumper height mismatch (Siegel et al., 2001). Peak head acceleration is thought to be a key variable in whiplash, and typical and reproducible head/neck motion patterns have been observed in experiments with male (Muhlbauer et al., 1999) and female (Dehner et al., 2007) volunteers; however, various published studies have observed different responses which cloud the interpretation of this

Specific Parameters of the Perturbation Profile Differentially Influence the Vertical and Horizontal Head Accelerations During Human Whiplash Testing