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Soil organic matter (SOM) is one of the most important features of the soil. Its characteristic depends on a variety of biotic and abiotic variables of the ecosystem, such as climate, soil texture, mineral composition, quantity of organic residues and other factors. Currently, in an era of rapidly changing civilization, leading to changes in climate and soil conditions, SOM content becomes increasingly important, not only for the proper functioning of ecosys‐ tems, but also for socio-economic development of many regions of the world [1, 2]. In the first half of the past century, there were hardly contradictions between the agricultural culti‐ vation and the environment. The substance circulations were closed, animal production comparatively small and mainly regularly allocated. The mineral fertilization was only used to a slight extent. A fundamental change has taken place during the last decades. With the increasing use of mineral fertilizers, yields have increased by more than 100% thus the quan‐ tity of roots and harvest residues on the field has increased strongly as a source of organic matter. However, in agricultural practice they are commonly removed from the field after harvest resulting in SOMdecrease.

Effect of Crop Rotation and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Quality and Quantity of Soil Organic Matter