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The first dogma states that the main mechanism of innate and acquired immunity-related parasite attrition is antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC has been shown to effectively mediate killing of 3-, 18or 24 hr-old schistosomula in human, mouse, and rat models. However, this phenomenon is of no in vivo relevance as larvae of this age are still in the epidermis, impervious to host immune attacks. Intact, healthy older larvae, pre-adults and adult schistosomes are entirely invisible to the immune system, and thus, are never threatened by ADCC in vitro or in vivo. Concurrently, the immune effectors “hunt” for larvae in the pulmonary capillaries, proposed by von Lichtenberg et al. in 1977 [1] as a plausible mechanism for resistance to infection, was entirely neglected, and never men‐ tioned or referred to.

Solving the Riddle of the Lung-Stage Schistosomula Paved the Way to a Novel Remedy and an Efficacious Vaccine for Schistosomiasis