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In many circumstances of practical concern, thermal sources are encapsulated into closed cavities containing a fluid, such as in the case of fuel tanks. In other applications it is the heat source itself which needs to be thermally controlled, such as in electronic packaging, passive cooling, space heating, nuclear design, and geophysics; another example is the natural convection around a horizontally-placed or vertically-positioned radiator, which can be used for a centralized heating and cooling system to regulate the air temperature in a cavity. The location of the radiator affects the temperature distribution and heat transfer in a cavity. Normally, a higher position of the radiator is reasonable when the radiator is used as a cooling device, while a lower position for the radiator is reasonable when the radiator is used for a heating one. It is worth studying the temperature distribution and heat transfer in thermal management and design. Whether the radiator is used as a cooling device or a heating device, the heat transfer of a object in a cavity can be simplified and dominated by natural convection heat transfer mechanism in an enclosure with an isolated plate.

Natural Convection Heat Transfer from a Rectangular Block Embedded in a Vertical Enclosure