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The first human liver transplant (LT) was performed in 1963 by Starzl and colleagues at the University of Colorado in Denver [1]. Since then, LT has become a life-saving procedure for patients with irreversible chronic and acute liver failure (ALF) [2-4].Only a few cases were per‐ formed during the following 15-year as the results were not satisfactory and 1-year survival rate was only 30% due to early rejection and graft failure. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the implementation of cyclosporine-based immunosuppression led to the doubling of the 1-year survival rate and LT, from an experimental procedure, became standard of care for patients with end stage liver disease (ESLD) [5]. In the last two decades, significant advances occurred in all aspects of LT, including donor management, recipient selection, surgical techniques, im‐ munosuppression, and postoperative care. These changes have resulted in considerable im‐ provements in the care provided to LT recipients, and the current overall 1-year survival is now in excess of 85%, with 5and 10-year survival ranging between 70-85% and 60-70%, re‐ spectively [6-9]. Despite all these major advances, biliary complications after LT still represent a common and challenging problem for both patients and their caregivers.

Liver Transplantation and Endoscopic Management of Bile Duct Complications