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Verbal communication is one of the most natural and convenient forms of human interaction and information exchange. In order for artificial agents and robots to become adequate and competent partners of humans, they must be able to understand and respond to task-related natural language inputs. A typical scenario, which poses the background of our research, is the collaboration of a human and an artificial agent, in which the human instructs the artificial agent to perform a task or queries the agent about aspects of the environment, e.g. the state of an object. The artificial agent has to be able to understand natural language inputs, as far as they concern actions, which it can perform in the environment. The artificial agent can be a physical robot, or a virtual, simulated agent. Several projects have explored the development of speech and language interfaces for cooperative dialogues with agent-like systems, in particular TRAINS and TRIPS for cooperative route planning (Traum et al., 1993; Allen et al., 1995; 1996); CommandTalk as spoken language interface for military planning (Stent et al., 1999); Situated Artificial Communicators for construction tasks (SFB-360, 2005; Rickheit & Wachsmuth, 2006) and the CoSy project on human-robot interaction (Kruijff et al., 2007; Kruijff, 2006). Other projects dealing with spoken language interfaces include Verbmobil (Wahlster, 1997) and BeRP (Jurafsky et al., 1994). Inspired by this work, we developed a basic architecture for natural language interfaces to agent systems for the purpose of human-agent communication in task-oriented settings. Verbal inputs issued by the human user are analyzed using linguistic components, semantically interpreted through constructing a formal representation in terms of a knowledge base and subsequently mapped onto the agent’s action repertoire. Since actions are the central elements in task-oriented human-agent communication, the core component of this architecture is a knowledge representation system specifically designed for the conceptual representation of actions. This form of action representation, with an aim to bridge the gap between linguistic input and robotic action, is the main focus of our research. The action representation system is based on taxonomic hierarchies with inheritance, and closely related to Description Logic (Baader et al., 2003), a family of logic-based knowledge representation languages, which is becoming the prevalent approach in knowledge representation.

"From Saying to Doing" - Natural Language Interaction with Artificial Agents and Robots