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Nitrogen, which is the most limiting nutrient for marine productivity of the ecosystem, is an essential element contributing to the biological process of all organisms (Capone and Knapp 2007; Bertics et al. 2012). Nitrification, the sequential oxidation of amonia to nitrite and then nitrate by nitrifiers, is also a critical step in the biological removal of nitrogen from the waste‐ water treatment process. In coastal ecosystems, nitrification is often coupled to denitrifica‐ tion (Jenkins and Kemp 1984; Sebilo et al. 2006), ultimately resulting in nitrogen being returned to the atmosphere (Bernhard and Bollmann 2010). Most transformation reactions recog‐ nized so far in the benthic N cycle are catalyzed by a suite bacteria and include the release of ammonium during the degradation of organic matter, the aerobic oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate(nitrification) and the bacterial denitrification of nitrite and nitrate to N2 un‐ der anaerobic conditions. Denitrification and nitrification are two of the main bacterial path‐ ways responsible for inorganic nitrogen removal and speciation in estuaries (Rao et al. 2007). Denitrification, dissimilatory reduction of NO3 and NO2 to N2 and N2O, is recognized as the key process to maintain nitrogen limitation for primary production in marine environ‐ ments. As a consequence, denitrification is important in controlling the eutrophication level in coastal environments that are increasingly affected by nutrient inputs (Cloern 2001; Pou‐ lin et al. 2007). The exposure of nutrient inputs removed by denitrification in sediments of continental margins leads to high bacterial mineralization. In addition, microbially mediat‐ ed nitrogen transformations have a potential impact on coastal eutrophication and estuar‐ ine oxygen status (Balls et al. 1996; Sanders et al. 1997; Barnes and Owens 1998).

Nutrient Fluxes and Their Dynamics in the Inner Izmir Bay Sediments (Eastern Aegean Sea)