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Carbon is the first element in group-IVof the periodic table and has a 1s22s22p2 electronic configuration, in which four valence electrons allow it to form a number of so-called hybri‐ dized atomic orbitals. Carbon atoms in elemental substances bond to each other covalently by the sharing of electron pairs, in which the covalent bonds have directional properties; this in turn provides carbon the capability to form various molecular and crystalline solid struc‐ tures. The nature of the covalent bonds that are formed dictate the varied chemical and physical properties of carbon allotropes. Pure carbon-based materials not only exist as the commonly recognizeddiamond and graphite allotropes, but also more exotic entities such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene; these latter allotropes having proven themselves important materials in nanotechnology.

Vibroelectronic Properties of Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Double-Walled Boron Nitride Nanotubes