English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Estimating the position of a robot, a vehicle or a person in an indoor area is a significant issue for a number of applications in Robotics, Automation and Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing. Several approaches have already been proposed in order to locate indoors the position of a moving target. These approaches rely on a wide range of media including RF signals, lasers, ultrasound, magnetic fields, visible light, infrared beams, speedometers etc. A combination of heterogeneous approaches is often adopted (Borenstein et al., 1996) in order to increase the accuracy of the position estimation. Cameras are widely used in a number of robotics applications (Jin et al, 2004); (Porta & Krose, 2006); (Clerentin et al, 2005); (Kzecka et al, 2005); (Gramegna et al, 2004); (Arras et al, 2001). The views captured by these cameras are processed in order to locate scale invariant landmarks that indicate the position of the robot in a familiar area (Tovar et al, 2006). Moreover, the function of the human eyes can be imitated by a pair of cameras focusing at the same direction (Se et al, 2002). The shape, the depth and the distance of the surrounding objects may be estimated by comparing the images retrieved by these cameras. It is obvious that both the computational and the architectural cost of such a solution is high. Laser scanning is often used in conjunction with the image processing techniques mentioned above (Miura et al, 2006); (Clerentin et al, 2005); (Victorino et al, 2003); (Arras et al, 2001); (Thrun, 2001). A rotating beacon is transmitting a laser beam which is reflected by the surrounding objects. The round trip time of the signal can be used for the estimation of the distance between the target and an object (e.g., a wall). An ultra high speed controller connected to sensors with fast response is required in this case, since the laser travels with the speed of light and the slightest deviation in the measured time intervals would fail to estimate the distance with adequate accuracy. The strength of the reflected beam may also provide an indication of the distance between the target and an object. In a similar way, sonar or ultrasonic waves can be used instead of lasers (Jin et al, 2004); (Bicho, 2000); (Minami et al, 2004); (Holmberg, 1994); (Ullate, 1993) . In this case, it is easier to measure the round trip time of the reflected wave since it travels with a significantly lower speed than the laser but the sound can not be treated as a directional beam. Moreover, it is difficult to isolate the sonar transmitter from the receiver. In other words, the receiver cannot be sure if it “listens” to a reflected sound wave or to a sound coming from the sound

A Sensors System for Indoor Localisation of a Moving Target Based on Infrared Pattern Recognition