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The development of lightweight, energy-saving structures is believed to be one key solution to current world problems, such as increasing population, resource shortages, and environmental pollution. Acquiring inspiration from living creatures is an effective approach because these forms have evolved over millions of years to adapt to the natural environment [Thompson, 1945]. Examples of evolutionary adaptations provide evidence of how nature has helped organisms to overcome their structural weaknesses [Thompson, 1945; Wainwright et al., 1976; Hepburn, 1976]. Motivated by our insight that the forewings of beetles should have both high strength and minimal weight, which are needed both for defense and for flight, the first author of this paper has been studying their architecture since 1997 [Chen et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2001a; Chen et al., 2007a; Chen et al., 2007b]. However, beetle forewings were considered nonliving materials in early work [Ishii, 1982], which may be the reason why research on beetle forewings and their biomimetic applications has been limited to two-dimensional fiber orientations [Gullan & Cranstion, 1994; Zelazny & Neville, 1972]. To date, we have comprehensively investigated their threedimensional structures and obtained new information on their biological morphology [Chen et al., 2007b; Chen et al., 2001a; Chen et al, 2002], and we have gained new insight into their mechanical properties [Chen et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2007a; Ni et al., 2001]. Our investigations have not only confirmed the above insights but also led us to discover a new type of lightweight biomimetic composite that is more complicated and more delicate than the presently used honeycomb structure. This new composite features a completely integrated honeycomb structure with fiber-reinforced trabeculae at the corners of the honeycomb cores [Chen et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2012].

The Lightweight Composite Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Beetle Forewing