English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

The intestinal mucosal surface represents a huge border where different pathogenic particles, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites can potentially invade and harm the body. One crucial task of the immune system in the intestine is to maintain this epithelial barrier, in order to prohibit or defeat a microbial invasion. Pro-inflammatory effector CD4+ T helper cells play a crucial role during this task. These effector T helper cells can be subdivided into different subsets (Figure 1), which are characterized by a master transcriptional regulator and a unique cytokine profile: Th17 cells express RORt that in turn promotes the transcription of Il17a, Il17f, Il21 and Il22. Th1 cells express T-bet and produce IFN-, IL-2 and TNF-. Th2 cells express GATA-3 and secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 [1-5]. The intestine also contains numerous non-pathogenic bacteria (commensal bacteria), which are beneficial to the host, as well as food antigens. This vast collection of non-self antigens can also promote the activation of T helper cells, and in turn cause immune-pathology. Therefore it is important for the immune system to control effector T helper cells. Indeed different types of regulatory T cells with anti-inflammatory properties team up in order to control effector T cells. The two most studied regulatory T cell subtypes are Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, which can be generated either in the thymus (nTreg) or induced in peripheral lymphoid organs (iTregs) and type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1), which are induced in the periphery (Figure 1).

Balancing pro- and anti-inflammatory CD4+ T helper cells in the intestine