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For years, solid-state lasers have replaced traditional systems in numerous laser applications. Now, fiber lasers bring the ultimate in solid-state reliability and operating convenience to applications in materials processing, telecom, sensing, and medicine and so on. Various configurations of continuous wave (cw), mode-locked, Q-switched, or singlefrequency lasers have been reported, offering a large variety in performance characteristics. Ytterbium-doped silica fiber lasers operating near 1 µm as well as erbium fibers at 1.5 µm have been among the most successful fiber lasers creating a great impact on many areas of technology. Current progresses in fiber lasers are associated with further scaling of the output power. In particular, such power scaling could be achieved through coherent combining of the beams delivered by a number of regular fiber sources. In this perspective, apart from the use of active fibers as a gain media, it has appeared that the unique and rather special properties of Yb-doped fibers discussed in this Chapter have still to be exploited in novel high-brightness all-fiber laser systems. The Chapter is dedicated to the effect of refractive index changes taking place in standard commercial Yb-doped optical fibers under diode pumping, and also to applications of this effect for coherent combining of fiber lasers. Being associated with changes of population of different ion states, the effect of refractive index changes (RIC) is essentially a side effect of the population inversion mechanism that is responsible for light amplification in lasers. The electronic and thermal RIC mechanisms, which are important both for laser crystals and glasses, are intensively investigated for several years. Correct understanding of these phenomena is vital for Yb-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers, whose performance characteristics rely on physical processes in the active medium. The Chapter includes remarkable amount of original experimental studies, theoretical modeling and demonstration of advanced fiber configurations. The structure of the Chapter is logical and easy to follow. Part 2 contains judicially selected background material to

Resonantly Induced Refractive Index Changes in Yb-doped Fibers: the Origin, Properties and Application for All-Fiber Coherent Beam Combining