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Arf family GTP-binding proteins, a subfamily of the Ras superfamily, are critical regulators of membrane traffic and actin remodeling (Kahn, 2009; Kahn et al., 2006; Gillingham and Munro, 2007; Donaldson and Jackson, 2011). The Arf family contains six Arf proteins in most mammals (five in humans) that are divided into three classes based on primary sequence and phylogenetic considerations (Kahn et al., 2006). The function of the Arf proteins requires switching between GDP and GTP bound forms. The accessory proteins that mediate the transitions between ArfGDP and ArfGTP function as enzymes and can be studied using the formalisms of enzymology. Like other GTP binding proteins, switching between ArfGDP and ArfGTP is achieved by a controlled cycle of GTP binding and hydrolysis. The two steps are catalyzed by distinct enzymes. The conversion of ArfGDP to ArfGTP is accomplished through nucleotide exchange, with the apo form of Arf as an intermediate. Nucleotide, however, binds tightly to Arf, resulting in very slow intrinsic exchange rates, and the apo form of Arf is unstable. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are enzymes that accelerate the reaction, by decreasing affinity for nucleotide and stabilizing the apo form of Arf (Casanova, 2007; Gillingham and Munro, 2007; Renault et al., 2003). Arf proteins are unusual among Ras superfamily proteins in having no detectable GTPase activity. Conversion of ArfGTP to ArfGDP is catalyzed by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs;Gillingham and Munro, 2007; Donaldson and Jackson, 2011; Ha et al., 2008b; Kahn et al., 2008; Randazzo and Hirsch, 2004; Spang et al., 2010). The GEFs and GAPs are both large families of proteins with diverse structural features. The control of binding and hydrolysis of GTP by Arf is thought to be achieved by regulation of the ArfGAPs and ArfGEFs. The study of the ArfGAPs and ArfGEFs as allosterically controlled enzymes is providing valuable information about their regulation and insights into the roles in cell physisology.

Enzymology and Regulation of ArfGAPs and ArfGEFs