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The period of Ottoman rule in Palestine, lasted for four hundred years, from 1517 until the British conquest of the country. “The Unchanging East” – reflected the position of traditional-conservative society and tinged somewhat with envy, towards the Europeanization of Palestine. Indeed, the popular picture of Palestine, and the whole of the Levant – as the unchanging east, backward and resting on its laurels, as described by many European visitors, was far removed from the truth as far as previous centuries were concerned, and just as removed from the truth in the 19th century. “The East” was changing steadily, in stages, and the image of Palestine at the end of the period, on the eve of WWI, was substantially different from its image at the turn of the century. Political and social reform was in the offing whose objective was centralized control and modernization of its administration while granting equal rights to non-Muslim minorities.1

The Early Stages of Historical Documentation and Modern Archives in Jerusalem Society at the End of the Ottoman Period