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The historical agricultural, forestry and industrial activities changed the landscape drastically. In particular in the Alpine region over 70% of the naturally occurring forests were cut or otherwise changed and destroyed (Cas 1996, 2002, 2006; Cas & Adamic 1998, Johann 1998). Intensive exploitation of forests from 11th to 18th century resulted in massive shrinkage of forest cover and loss of virgin forest landscapes which were turned into pastures or degraded to torrential soil (Cas 1988, 2001; Eiberle 1984; Erjavec 1868; Granda 1985; Johann 2007; Valencic 1970; Wessely 1853). The removal of forest vegetation for agricultural land and the lack of proper land management exposed the cleared areas to erosion (Cas 1988, 2001; Erjavec 1868). Felling of trees for firewood, iron industry, charcoal production, mining industry, glass making, etc. were the dominant causes for severe reduction in forest cover until 20th century (Cas 2006; Johann 1998; Medved 1967; Valencic 1970). By 19th century natural structures of old mixed forests with autochthonous wildlife species (e.g. capercaillie, lynx, brown bear, etc.) mostly disappeared or were conserved only at inaccessible sites, in particular at high altitude areas, and embedded in the mosaic of devastated forests and wide pasture areas (Cas & Adamic 1998; Cas 2001a; Didier 2001; Erjavec 1868).

intech ebooks

The Changes in Rural and Forest Landscape and Their Use in the Slovenian Alps in the Last Centuries - A "Back to Nature" Tourism with Impacts, a Case of Western Capercaillie