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Although it has been recovered from vegetation, soil, water, and food, Enterococcus is a ubiquitous Gram-positive bacterium found primarily in the intestine of nearly all animals (Giraffa 2002;Muller et al. 2001;Niemi et al. 1993;Svec and Sedlacek 1999). Different strains of enterococci populate the digestive tracts of humans and animals, making them a good indicator of water contamination (Svec and Sedlacek 1999). They are the second most studied group of bacteria in the field of microbial source tracking (following Escherichia coli) due to their connection to humans and animals as well as their recent significance as a clinical pathogen (Layton et al. 2010;Scott et al. 2005). The enterococci have been implicated in a number of clinical diseases including endocarditis, bacteremia, and urinary tract infections, most often in hospital settings (Huycke et al. 1998;Jett et al. 1994). They are a leading cause of nosocomial infections (hospital acquired infections), accounting for approximately 12% in the U.S. yearly; the majority of infections are caused by Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium (Huycke et al. 1998). While their role as an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen has been well documented, their ability to cause foodborne illnesses still remains largely unknown. Their role in food processing can be desirable in some cases and unwanted in others. For example, they may be considered as beneficial because they harbor specific biochemical traits that are essential in manufacturing fermented milk products such as cheeses, but their presence can also indicate spoilage for fermented meats or unsanitary conditions in other food industries (Foulquie Moreno et al. 2006;Giraffa 2002). The production of biogenic amines in fermented foods by enterococci is also thought to result in food intoxication characterized by symptoms such as vomiting and headaches (Gardin et al. 2001;Giraffa 2002;Tham et al. 1990). In addition, because enterococci can potentially harbor antimicrobial resistance genes and genes which may

Application of Multiplex PCR, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), and BOX-PCR for Molecular Analysis of Enterococci