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Acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, longer hospital stays, and significantly increased health care costs. The physiological functions performed by the kidney, which include acid-base control, blood pressure regulation, water balance, and waste excretion, are crucial to the maintenance of homeostasis and can only partially be accomplished using renal replacement therapy (RRT). A number of risk factors have been identified that should be recognized in order to counsel patients appropriately and attempt to prevent AKI. Several pharmacologic and therapeutic modalities have been suggested, with varying levels of evidence, to aid in prevention of AKI and limit the extent of injury and morbidity once renal dysfunction has been recognized. The purpose of this chapter is to review the epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery. These topics will be reviewed in detail in the discussion that follows.

Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management