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Transcriptional bursting, also known as transcriptional pulsing, is a fundamental property of genes from bacteria to humans (Chubb et al., 2006; Golding et al., 2005; Raj et al., 2006). Transcription of genes, the process which transforms the stable code written in DNA into the mobile RNA message can occur in "bursts" or "pulses". This phenomenon has recently come to light with the advent of new technologies, such as MS2 tagging, to detect RNA production in single cells, allowing precise measurements of RNA number, or RNA appearance at the gene. Other, more widespread techniques, such as Northern Blotting, Microarrays, RT-PCR and RNA-Seq, measure bulk RNA levels from homogeneous population extracts. These techniques lose dynamic information from individual cells, and give the impression transcription is a continuous smooth process. The reality is that transcription is irregular, with strong periods of activity, interspersed by long periods of inactivity. Averaged over millions of cells, this appears continuous. But at the individual cell level, there is considerable variability, and for most genes, very little activity at any one time.

Transcriptional Bursting in the Tryptophan Operon of E. coli and Its Effect on the System Stochastic Dynamics