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The retina is a highly specialized sensory organ that transduces light energy into neural signal. It also has high energy requirement and an extensive vascular network. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via light exposure, normal energy production, phagocytosis of spent photoreceptor membranes by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and circulating toxins render retina at an increased risk for oxidative stress (Hardy et al., 2005; Siu et al., 2008). To cope with the high oxidant load, the retina is equipped with various antioxidant defense mechanisms, such as the expression of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, the production of glutathione by Muller cells, high levels of vitamins C and E, and the presence of free radical scavenger melanin in RPE cells (Siu et al., 2008). However, when the redox balance is disrupted, retinal pathologies could result, and one of the consequences is impairment of the blood retinal barrier (BRB). Indeed, several retinal diseases have been shown or postulated to be linked to a state of oxidative stress and resulting BRB dysfunction.

Retinal Vein Occlusion Induced by a MEK Inhibitor - Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Blood-Retinal Barrier