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Establishing the time frame is crucial for most geoscientific investigation. Without proper time control, past geologic processes cannot be inferred appropriately, nor can their dynamics be understood adequately. Rhythmic changes in sedimentary cycles hold the key to establishing precise and high-resolution chronologies. The concept goes back to theoretical considerations first published by Milankovitch (1941). His calculations showed that changes in earth’s orbital geometry lead to changes in the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of incoming solar radiation (insolation). Three main periods are responsible for these insolation changes, eccentricity (the shape of the orbit around the sun; with periods of 413 kyr, 123 kyr, and 95 kyr), obliquity (the tilt of the axis; changing at a period of 41 kyr), and precession (the wobbling spin of the axis with periods of 19 kyr and 23 kyr). He argued that these changes caused the waning and waxing of polar ice sheets. More than three decades later, Hays et al. (1976) and Imbrie et al. (1984) provided proof the cyclic changes of the earth energy budget were large enough to be preserved in marine sediment. Theoretical calculation of Berger (1976) and Berger and Loutre (1991) supported the Milankovitch theory and provided templates for orbital variability for the last couple of million yeas. Henceforth, cyclic changes in sediment strata were used to develop detailed orbital chronologies by assigning sedimentary cycles to orbital cycles.

Orbital Control on Carbonate-Lignite Cycles in the Ptolemais Basin, Northern Greece - An Integrated Stratigraphic Approach