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It is widely accepted that propagation and conservation strategies are crucial in any forest breeding program and that plant biotechnology has powerful tools to propagate and preserve selected genotypes (Jain, 1999; Park et al., 1988; Park, 2002). In particular, in vitro techniques have demonstrated to be essential in a large number of agricultural and forest breeding programs, allowing large scale clonal propagation of elite genotypes (Pinto et al., 2008) or of endangered forest species (Brito et al., 2009). In vitro techniques are also essential in breeding programs involving genetic improvement (e.g. using techniques such as somatic hybridization or genetic transformation) or involving long term germplasm conservation by cryopreservation (Benson, 2008; Fernandes et al., 2008).

Somatic Embryogenesis and Cryopreservation in Forest Species: The Cork Oak Case Study