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Metazoan life cycle and development include two main types of stem cells: the germline cells and the somatic stem cell lineages (Hogan, 2001; Rinkevich, 2009; Srouji & Extavour, 2011). In animals with asexual reproduction, the germ lineage is not segregated during embryogenesis, and the line of pluripotent stem cells is maintained continuously throughout the life of an individual or a colony, being predecessors of germ cells and a wide spectrum of somatic cells (Buss, 1987; Isaeva, 2011; Rinkevich, 2009; Skold et al., 2009). Examples of such pluripotent gametogenic stem cells include sponge archaeocytes, cnidarian interstitial cells, planarian neoblasts, ascidian hemoblasts and stem cells of colonial rhizocephalans (reviews: Isaeva et al., 2008, 2009; Rinkevich et al., 2009; Skold et al., 2009; Srouji & Extavour, 2011). In addition to the germline segregation by preformation, or mosaic developmental mode and epigenesis, or regulative mode (Extavour, 2008; Extavour & Akam, 2003; Gustafson & Wessel, 2010), somatic embryogenesis was also recognized (Buss, 1987; Blackstone & Jasker, 2003; Gustafson & Wessel, 2010; Rinckevich et al., 2009; Rosner et al., 2009). Earlier, somatic embryogenesis as natural cloning in animals was termed blastogenesis (Berrill, 1961; Ivanova-Kazas, 1996). In the life cycle of colonial animals, one generation of oozooid (an individual that has developed from an egg) alternates with numerous generations of blastozooids, with alternating morphogenetic processes: embryogenesis and blastogenesis (Ivanova-Kazas, 1996). Many animals, including placozoans, sponges, cnidarians, platyhelminths, nemerteans, entoproctans, ectoproctans, annelids, hemichordates and urochordates are capable of somatic embryogenesis (Buss 1987; Blackstone & Jasker, 2003; Gustafson & Wessel, 2010; Rosner et al., 2009). Among arthropods, many parasitic rhizocephalan crustaceans (Rhizocephala: Cirripedia: Crustacea) have asexual reproduction, somatic embryogenesis by budding without separation of blastozooids resulting in the emergence of colonial organization

Molecular and Sub-Cellular Gametogenic Machinery of Stem and Germline Cells Across Metazoa