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European arrival to the Pacific Northwest (U.S.A.) in the late 1800’s signalled the beginning of an era of change for watershed use and water quality of free-flowing stream systems. Historic uses centered around trapping of beaver, utilization of livestock forage, and harvesting of anadramous fish and timber resources (Beschta, 2000). Impacts of these land uses on stream systems were severe; impaired flood plain development with beaver removal, interrupted nutrient cycling with overharvest of anadramous fish, streambank degradation due to overgrazing, and severe flooding associated with abusive logging practices (Trefethen, 1985; Meehan, 1991; Beschta, 2000). Perhaps most dramatic was the conversion of ecosystem type from stream system to impoundment associated with dam construction for hydroelectric power production (Beschta, 2000). The US Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1965 was crafted and passed into law in response to these and other issues, providing a legal and regulatory framework for managing land use practices that impact water quality (Adams 2007). Subsequent amendments of the CWA in 1972 and 1977 helped expand this framework to include impacts of non-point source pollution and mandated that states develop water protection programs (National Research Council, 1995; Adams, 2007).

Water Quality in the Agronomic Context: Flood Irrigation Impacts on Summer In-Stream Temperature Extremes in the Interior Pacific Northwest (USA)