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The basic algorithm of digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) processing (Keane & Adrian, 1992; Utami et al., 1991; Westerweel, 1993; Willert & Gharib, 1991) utilizes the cross-correlation of image sub-spaces (interrogation windows) for local displacement estimation from two consecutively acquired images of a tracer-particle-laden flow. A variety of image processing techniques using sub-pixel interpolations has been applied in the past to significantly improve both, the accuracy of the particle displacement measurement beyond the nominal resolution of the optical sensor and the spatial resolution beyond the nominal averaging size of image sub-spaces to be correlated. These include:

Limits in Planar PIV Due to Individual Variations of Particle Image Intensities