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Embryos and young growing animals do not develop in isolation. The lake shiner, Notropis atherinoides, and the blue-gill sunfish, Lepomis incisor, produce more body segments when raised in cool water. Chickens raised in constant light have flattened corneas, making them abnormally hyperopic, or “far-sighted”. Cichlids provided with different types of diets during early growth develop different jaw morphologies as adults. Craniofacial proportions are different in children born with fetal alcohol syndrome, and those born to women who smoke tend to be underweight compared to the average. These examples demonstrate the plasticity of shape and size that is possible during ontogeny as a result of environmental conditions, and all produce permanent effects on the adult phenotype. In this chapter, I will describe different forms of vertebrate developmental phenotypes and phenotypic plasticity, with a brief review of the relevant biology, and then I will present some preliminary approaches to morphometric quantification of these phenomenae.

Morphometry Applied to the Study of Morphological Plasticity During Vertebrate Development