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In developing countries, more than 90 percent of wastewater and 70 percent of industrial wastes are discharged into coastal waters without being treated (Creel, 2003). The entry of wastes into marine environment not only changes water quality parameters but also affects benthic organisms, causes habitat change and increases the risk of eutrophication and, thereby, causes the area to become susceptible. The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWTD; EC, 1991) defines eutrophication as the “enrichment of water by nutrients, especially compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus, causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and to the quality of the water concerned”. Karydis (2009) characterized “oligotrophic” waters as nutrient poor with low productivity, “eutrophic” waters as nutrient rich with high algal biomass and “mesotrophic” waters as moderate conditions. Hypoxia or even anoxia is the last stage of eutrophication (Gray, 1992) and this phase is often characterized as “dystrophic” (Karydis, 2009). In addition, eutrophication of coastal waters has been considered as one of the major threats to the health of marine ecosystems in the last few decades (Andersen et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2008). The risk of eutrophication may increase or decrease depending on the speed and direction of flow and wind. It can occur as a result of natural processes, for example, where there is upwelling of nutrient rich deep water to nutrient poor but light rich surface water of the photic zone of the water column (Jorgensen & Richardson, 1996). Cultural eutrophication arising from anthropogenic activities is particularly evident in marine areas with limited water exchange, and in lagoons, bays and harbours (Crouzet et al., 1999).

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Evaluation of Ecological Quality Status with the Trophic Index (TRIX) Values in the Coastal Waters of the Gulfs of Erdek and Bandırma in the Marmara Sea