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Despite the increasing international sense of urgency, the growth rate of carbon (C) emissions continued to speed up, bringing the atmospheric CO2 concentration to 383 parts per million (ppm) in 2007 (Global Carbon Project [GCP], 2008). Annual fossil CO2 emissions increased from an average of 6.4 Gt C yr-1 in the 1990s to nearly 10 Gt C yr-1 in 2008 (Le Quere et al., 2009), while emissions from land-use change were estimated to be 1.6 Gt C yr-1 over the 1990s. About 45% of annual C emissions (3.5 Pg) remained in the atmosphere each year, while oceans and terrestrial ecosystems assimilated the other 55% (Canadell & Raupach, 2008). Increasing the size and capacity of land-based ecosystems that sequester C in plants and the soil expands the terrestrial C sink. Establishment of agroforestry systems is one of the options of reducing deforestation and increasing the terrestrial C sinks (Kaonga & Bayliss-Smith, 2010; Oelbermann et al, 1997).

A Conceptual Model of Carbon Dynamics for Improved Fallows in the Tropics