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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) end-organ disease is a serious complication after stem cell transplantation (SCT) (Boeckh M, 2003). Within the first one hundred days after SCT, 50% of recipients develop CMV infection determined by positive antigenemia and 65 to 86.5% when viral replication is determined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) (Ljungman et al., 2006; Solano et al., 2001). Described risk factors for CMV infection concern donor type, graft source, positive CMV serostatus of donor and recipient, CD34+ graft selection, preconditioning regimen, GvHD prophylaxis regimen, incidence of acute and chronic GvHD and prophylaxis and treatment for GvHD (Ljungman et al., 2002; Ozdemir et al., 2007). Pre-emptive therapy is currently based on viral replication determined by either antigenemia or RT-PCR (Drew, 2007). Although antigenemia has been extensively used (Drew, 2007), RT-PCR has been shown to be more sensitive (Hakki et al., 2003; Solano et al., 2001).

Detection of CMV Infection in Allogeneic SCT Recipients: The Multiple Assays