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Over the last two decades, rates of childhood obesity have increased to a point where the World Health Organization (WHO) has described it as “globesity” to indicate the “escalating global epidemic of overweight and obesity” (WHO, 2011). A number of factors have been identified that increase the risk of childhood obesity, including: high birth weight (Apfelbacher et al., 2008), mother’s pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) (Catalano et al., 2009; Gibson et al., 2007; Vos & Welsh, 2010), weight gain through pregnancy and diabetes in mother (Boney et al., 2005), mother’s/father’s BMI (Moens et al., 2009; Whitaker et al., 1997), early introduction of solid foods (Huh et al., 2011) and screen time (Fulton et al., 2009; Sisson et al., 2009), lower educational level, smoking in the home, and breastfeeding for less than three months (Apfelbacher et al., 2008). In some studies, low socioeconomic status (SES) and household income levels are seen as predictors (Veugelers & Fitzgerald, 2005; Vieweg et al., 2007); conversely, other studies have reported high socioeconomic status as a predictor (Cui et al., 2010). In addition, living in a single-parent family has been cited as a predictor of childhood obesity (Gibson et al., 2007), while maternal psychopathology has been shown to be an inconsistent predictor of childhood obesity (Gibson et al., 2007; McConley et al., 2011). Childhood obesity can have very serious short and long term adverse health consequences on quality of life, performance achieved and long term health and life expectancy. It is estimated that the obesity epidemic will increase both direct and indirect costs to society and the health care and social insurance systems. One major concern is that obesity has been shown to track through the lifecycle. Obese children most often become obese adolescents (Deshmukh-Taskar et al., 2006) and obese adolescents have a 33% increase in the probability of having a life threatening event before the age of 60 (Baker et al., 2007). There are few proven treatment options for either obese children or obese adults and those that do exist tend to be costly (Flodgren et al., 2010; Summerbell et al., 2004). Many feel the emphasis must be on the primary prevention of childhood obesity. It has been suggested that early infant nutrition may be one important factor in this pursuit. There are many wellevidenced reasons to support breastfeeding as it relates to the improved health of the mother and baby, but research that exists on breastfeedng as a public health obesity intervention is equivocal. The objectives of this chapter are to 1) describe the epidemiology of childhood obesity and its related comorbid conditions 2) discuss the biology of breastmilk and to explain

Can Breastfeeding Reduce the Risk of Childhood Obesity?