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Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are two groups of end products of the plant flavonoid pathway (Fig. 1). Biochemical and genetic evidences have demonstrated that they share the same upstream pathway beginning with phenylalanine through a series of enzymatic reaction to anthocyanidins. Anthocyanidins are either modified by glycosylation, methylation, or other reactions to form diverse anthocyanins (Springob et al. 2003) or catalyzed into flavan-3-ols by an anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) (Xie et al. 2003; Xie et al. 2006). In addition, leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) has been enzymatically demonstrated to catalyze leucoanthocyanidins into catechin (Tanner et al. 2003). To date, whether or not this branch catalyzed by LAR exists in plants still remains open to genetic studies.

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Comparative Metabolomics of Transgenic Tobacco Plants (Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi) Reveals Differential Effects of Engineered Complete and Incomplete Flavonoid Pathways on the Metabolome