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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change has concluded that global warming is unequivocal (IPCC, 2007). However, there is still a debate regarding whether global warming is mainly due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (Zhao, 2011), particularly because, as Lindzen (2007) states, current models fail to describe many known climate changes, and because some sources of anthropogenic forcing contribution (like surface albedo, total aerosol, etc) are essentially unknown (Lindzen, 2007). It has been stated that the warming has penetrated into the world’s oceans (Barnett et al., 2005) increasing sea surface temperatures (SSTs) by approximately 0.5°C since the mid-nineteenth century (Houghton et al. 2001). Higher SSTs are associated with increased water vapor in the lower troposphere (Trenberth, 2005) implying that perturbations in the global water cycle are expected to accompany this warming (Milly et al., 2005). The understanding of specific regional changes (i.e. trend analysis) in temperature, rainfall, and streamflow is very necessary for supporting the needs of an ever-broadening spectrum of decision-makers as they strive to deal with influences of Earth’s climate at global to local scales. Trend analyses have revealed the existence of temperature trends with different signs in Mexico in general (Englehart & Douglas, 2004; Pavia et al., 2009), central Mexico (Brito-Castillo et al., 2009), and northwestern Mexico (Gutierrez-Ruacho et al., 2010; Weiss & Overpeck, 2005), which is partly associated with regional land use, changes in land cover (Englehart & Douglas, 2004), and changes in large-scale atmospheric flow patterns (Brito-Castillo et al., 2009). These studies have shown that, while significant trends do exist, they are at times in line with warming hypotheses and at times they are not. The complete understanding of these changes is particularly important, especially for river discharges, since availability of water is vital for human health, economic activity, ecosystem functions, and geophysical processes (Milly et al., 2005). In Mexico, trend analyses have mostly focused on maximum and minimum temperatures, while trend analyses of precipitation and streamflow have only partly been studied. Knowledge remains scarce, partly attributed to lack of long-term data (both in space and time), the difficulties encountered in providing a correct interpretation of changes attributed to human disturbances, such as diversion of water for irrigation of cropland and control of water for generating electric power, as well as the complexity of the processes that externally force hydroclimate variability (natural changes and low-frequency

Regional Pattern of Trends in Long-Term Precipitation and Stream Flow Observations: Singularities in a Changing Climate in Mexico