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Exposure to xenobiotics induces complex biochemical responses in mammalian cells resulting in several perturbations in cellular toxicity pathways. Within the context of systems biology, such biochemical perturbations can be studied individually using “omics” approaches such as toxicogenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics (Heijne et al., 2005). The objective of this chapter is to examine how the metabolomics approach can be used in identifying the risk posed by environmental chemicals to human health using selective examples of organ toxicity. Metabolomics is a medium-to-high throughput technique employing predominantly mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology (Roux et al., 2011) for the identification and characterization of endogenous metabolites of low molecular weight (<1800 Da) arising from different biochemical pathways either as primary or secondary metabolites (Idle & Gonzalez, 2007). The sum total of all small metabolites is referred to as the “metabolome”. Metabolomics has also been applied to the identification of low molecular weight, exogenous metabolites of xenobiotics (Roux et al., 2011; Rubino et al., 2009). With these capabilities, metabolomics represents a relatively quick and informative approach for assessing the physiological response to environmental chemicals.

Metabolomics Approach for Hazard Identification in Human Health Assessment of Environmental Chemicals