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An estuary is a partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. (Jara-Marin et al., 2009; Crossland et al. 2005). They are the transition zones or ecotones between riverine and marine habitats, which differ both in abiotic and biotic factors (McLusky & Elliott, 2004) but many of their important physical and biological attributes are not transitional, but unique. These highly dynamic and rapidly changing systems form a complex mixture of many different habitat types. These habitats do not exist in isolation, but rather have physical, chemical and biological links between them, for example, in their hydrology, in sediment transport, in the transfer of nutrients and in the way mobile species move between them both in seasonally and single tidal cycles. The most distinctive feature that contrasts estuaries from other biomes is the nature and the variability of the physicochemical forces that influence this ecosystem. In contrast the low diversity, the estuarine ecosystems achieve very high productivities through the continuous arrival of new nutrients supply. They are very productive biomes and support many important ecosystem functions like biogeochemical cycling and movement of nutrients, mitigation of floods, maintenance of biodiversity and biological production (Patrick et. al., 2005). The estuarine environment is characterized by a constant mixing of freshwater, saline seawater, and sediment, which is carried into the estuary from the sea and land. The mixture and fluctuation of salt and freshwater impose challenges to the animals and microbes. Along the gradient of conditions from the open sea into the sheltered estuary the salinity ranges from full strength seawater to freshwater, and sedimentary conditions also varies from fine sediment to coarse sediments. Other changes include nutrient input, pollutant and chemical concentration along with estuarine flows (McLusky & Elliott, 2004). The productivity and variety of estuarine habitats support a wonderful abundance and diversity of species.

Interplay of Physical, Chemical and Biological Components in Estuarine Ecosystem with Special Reference to Sundarbans, India