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Combined with an increase in energy efficiency and production of more renewable energy, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a promising technological chain that aims to prevent climate change by reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The three steps of this technology are (i) capturing large-scale CO2 emissions produced by industrial activities using fossil fuels (coal-fired power plants, factories, steelworks, refineries), by post or pre-combustion methods, (ii) transporting the captured CO2 to a storage site through pipelines, (iii) storing the CO2 deep underground. Potential underground storage targets are (i) deep saline aquifers containing a high concentration of dissolved salts, (ii) depleted oil and gas fields (abandoned or used to perform Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) or Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR)), (iii) coal seams, used to perform Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery (ECBM). Another possible solution for CO2 storage would be to chemically fix CO2 into the carbonated minerals in mafic and ultramafic rocks. Other geological media proposed as storage for CO2 are oil or gas rich shales, salt caverns and abandoned mines (IPCC, 2005). According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), CCS could contribute up to 19% in the reduction of global emissions in 2050. Measuring Monitoring and Verification (MMV) is an important part of each CCS project. As stated in the European directive on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, “monitoring is essential in order to assess whether injected CO2 is behaving as expected, whether any migration or leakage occurs, and whether any identified leakage is damaging the environment or human health....” Various monitoring methods, i.e. geophysics and geochemistry, can be used to fulfil such requirements, assess the efficiency of geological storage and ensure the containment of the storage system. In this chapter, we focus particularly on geochemical methods, and discuss their assets and relevance in monitoring CO2 geological storage sites. At first, a classification is proposed based on a literature review. The role of geochemical methods to identify fluids sources and physicochemical processes is explained, and some examples of applications to deep geological CO2 storage monitoring are described. Key elements of a relevant spatial use of geochemical methods during the lifecycle of a CCS project are also given, as well as general guidelines and recommendations for the integration of geochemical tools into a monitoring programme.

The Relevance of Geochemical Tools to Monitor Deep Geological CO2 Storage Sites