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Air pollution is the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere from anthropogenic or natural substances in quantities likely to harm human, plant, or animal life; to damage human-made materials and structures; to bring about changes in weather or climate; or to interfere with the enjoyment of life or property. In developing countries, industrial growth and population increase, together with rising standards of living will probably lead to patterns of motorization that resemble those of industrialized countries. Many urban areas have high concentrations of air pollution sources resulting from human activities; sources such as motor vehicle traffic, power generation, residential heating and industry. Urban air pollution is a major environmental problem in the developing countries of the world. It not only represents a threat to human health and the urban environment, but it can also contribute to serious regional and global atmospheric pollution problems (Maatoug 2010). Motor vehicles are now recognized as the major contributor due to their emissions of suspended particulate matter including heavy metals. Meteorological and topographical conditions affect dispersion and transport of these pollutants, which can result in ambient concentrations that may harm people, structures, and the environment. Air pollution is worse in locations with unfavorable topographical or meteorological characteristics. Meteorological factors such as thermal inversions restrict dispersion of pollutants and result in high ambient pollutant concentrations. Unfavorable topography and wind direction have similar effects.

Bio-Monitoring of Air Quality Using Leaves of Tree and Lichens in Urban Environments