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1.1 Laboratory animals Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human animals in experiments. Worldwide it is estimated that the number of vertebrate animals—from zebrafish to non-human primates—ranges from the tens of millions to more than 100 million used annually (Cohn, 2010). The number of mice and rats used in the United States alone in 2001 was 80 million. Most animals are euthanized after being used in an experiment (Carbone, 2004). It includes pure research such as genetics, developmental biology, behavioral studies, as well as applied research such as biomedical research, xenotransplantation, drug testing and toxicology tests, including cosmetics testing. Animals are also used for education, breeding and defense research. The practice is regulated to various degrees in different countries. The earliest references to animal testing are found in the writings of the Greeks in the 2nd and 4th centuries BCE. Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Erasistratus (304–258 BCE) were among the first to perform experiments on living animals (Cohen & Loew, 1984). The ability of humans to change the genetics of animals took a large step forwards in 1974 when Rudolf Jaenisch was able to produce the first transgenic mammal, by integrating DNA from the SV40 virus into the genome of mice (Jaenisch & Mintz, 1974). This genetic research progressed rapidly and in 1996 Dolly the sheep was born, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell (Wilmut et al., 1997). Toxicology testing became important in the 20th century. In the 19th century laws regulating drugs were more relaxed. For example, in the U.S. the government could only ban a drug after a company had been prosecuted for selling products that harmed customers. In the 1960s, in reaction to the Thalidomide tragedy, further laws were passed requiring safety testing on pregnant animals before a drug can be sold (Burkholz, 1997). Albino rabbits are used in eye irritancy tests because rabbits have less tear flow than other animals and the lack of eye pigment in albinos make the effects easier to visualize. Rabbits are also frequently used for the production of polyclonal antibodies.

Variations in Origin of Arteries Supplying the Brain in Rabbit and Their Impact on Total Cerebral Ischemia