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The Mediterranean environment alters the ecophysiology of plants, especially during summer as a consequence of the combined effects of high light, high air temperature, high vapour pressure deficit and low rainfall. The high evapotranspirative demand which characterises the Mediterranean climate has, in the past affected land use with farmers tending to choose drought-tolerant species, such as olives, almond ecc (Dichio et al., 2006). In recent years, major investments have been made in agriculture that have lead to a 25% increase in the area of the Earth’s surface under irrigated crops. However, despite these investments, an increasing number of countries in arid and semi-arid regions face severe water shortages because of reduced annual rainfall (Mutke et al., 2005; Cislaghi et al., 2005) and because their existing water resources are already fully or over exploited. The availability of water (agriculture, industry and domestic) in several countries of the Mediterranean basin is well below the level associated with the achievement of a modern standard of living (1,000 m3 per capita per year) (Rana and Katerji, 2000). Prospects for the future suggest increasing difficulty will be experienced in this area (Smith, 2000). They also indicate that dependency on water for future development has now become critical. For agriculture this has triggered many studies on drought mitigation measures as applied to large-scale networks (Rossi et al., 2005).

Irrigation in Mediterranean Fruit Tree Orchards