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Life comprises three domains: the Bacteria, the Archaea and the Eukaryota. Within the last one, the Fungi kingdom forms a monophyletic group of the eukaryotic crown group, which includes the largest group of organisms, where more than 500,000 species have been described and more than one million might exist. The Fungi kingdom consists of a heterogeneous group that includes yeasts, moulds and mushrooms characterized by their lack of photosynthetic pigment and their chitinous cell wall (Hawksworth, 1991). Fungi are one of the most important groups of organisms on the planet, for they play remarkable roles in several ways. From the environmental point of view fungi, together with bacteria, are responsible for most of the organic matter decomposition process, thus recycling dead material and recalcitrant compounds such as lignin; thereby the organic material utilization by the microbial community is enhanced. This fungal recycling activity has a negative effect when it is exerted on food. Fungi can be responsible for large losses of stored food, particularly food which contains any moisture. This may be a major problem where large quantities of food are being produced seasonally and then require storage until they are needed. Biocontrol, an alternative to chemical pesticides, is another important role played by fungi. Some species of this kingdom parasitize insects, which can be extremely useful for controlling insect pests of crops, such as the Colorado potato beetles, spittlebugs, leaf hoppers and citrus rust mites. In addition, mycorrhizal associations between plants and fungi are necessary for optimal growth of most plants, such as crops. However, some fungi can also cause negative effects on crops, since many plants are susceptible to fungal attack. A wide range of fungi also live on and in humans, other animals or plants, but most coexist harmlessly. Nevertheless, some fungal species are involved in disease interactions, either by means of their direct action as disease agents or through the production of secondary metabolites (eg: host-specific toxins). In fact, filamentous fungi produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, which have a tremendous impact on society because they are exploited for their ability to produce antibiotic (penicillins, cephalosporins, etc) or pharmaceuticals (cyclosporin and other immunosuppressants). Indeed, fungi are the second group, after Actinobacteria, of secondary metabolites producers with industrial application.

Proteomics Methodology Applied to the Analysis of Filamentous Fungi - New Trends for an Impressive Diverse Group of Organisms