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Olive orchards are widely cultivated throughout the semiarid Mediterranean region. During olive growth a large quantity of vegetable residues are produced, either from the biannual pruning or from the olive-fruit cleaning in the oil mill, where the olive fruit is separated from the leaves, twigs and soil. These residues are generally discarded and the pruning debris is usually burned in situ or used for energy. Such practices not only release a large quantity of CO2 into the atmosphere, but also fail to return to the soil the elements taken up by the tree. The use of crop residues is being widely debated today because of its impact on the soil degradation (Lal, 2008). In Andalusian olive orchards, conventional agricultural practices such as tillage or non-tillage with bare soil also reduces the incorporation of plant remains into the soil, thus changing the quantity of soil organic carbon (SOC) in a variable way and accelerating erosive processes (Pastor, 2004). Nevertheless in recent years, the technique of shredding pruning debris and spreading the material over the orchard is becoming generalized as an alternative to burning. The residues left from fruit cleaning in the oil mill prior to extracting the oil, composed of leaves, green twigs, and superficial soil, can also be spread on the soil surface, returning to the soil the elements previously taken up by the tree. These new soil-management systems are an alternative for improving the soil quality and fertility in sustainable agricultural system (Ordonez et al., 2001; Rodriguez-Lizana et al., 2008; Nieto et al., 2010). Many studies on agricultural ecosystems, as reviewed by Jarecki & Lal (2003), have documented the changes in soil properties when the soil management shifts from tillage to cover crop, mainly the increase of SOC and nitrogen (N). The management of crop residues is an important aspect of conservation systems (Six et al., 1999; Paustian, 2000; Lal, 2008), since proper distribution on the ground surface reduces water losses and thus discourages soil erosion (Schomberg et al., 1999). Water and erosion constitute especially serious issues in zones that have a Mediterranean climate and can be only partially solved by recycling the crop debris (Rodriguez-Lizana et al., 2008).

Long-Term Effects of Residue Management on Soil Fertility in Mediterranean Olive Grove: Simulating Carbon Sequestration with RothC Model