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The goal of forestry management is to sustain continual development of forest ecosystems that optimally fulfil their productive and non-productive functions. In order to achieve this goal, the full productive capacity of forest stands needs to be maintained while respecting all the natural processes in the soil, including microbiological organisms, physical properties, nutrient reserves and regeneration processes of the ecosystem. We need to approach herbs as well as woods holistically, including the root system architecture and functions. Growth of the above-ground system depends on the state of the root system functions, and vice versa. If the conditions for an activity of the root system are limited, the functioning of the above-ground system will be limited too. During thinning activities in all age groups of forest stands and during the subsequent recovery, progressive harvesting technologies that use mobile means of mechanisation (predominantly harvesters and forwarders) are applied more and more commonly. In contrast to the motomanual technologies that were used in the past, harvesters and forwarders are considerably safer and more productive. However, the passage of heavy machinery on the soil surface causes disruption of the soil environment and mechanical damage to roots. In 1947, it was found that harvesting disrupted soil by modifying its structure and moisture characteristics (Munns, 1947). Despite more than sixty years of research, we still do not fully understand the impact of soil compaction on forest productivity. Due to the global interest in maintaining forest resources and the sustainable development of forest production, a number of conferences have been organised, including the Earth Summit in 1992, which gave rise to the Montreal Process (Burger & Kelting, 1998). At this summit, soil compaction was defined as one of the soil indicators of the forest health state. Soil compaction is affected by both endogenous and exogenous soil factors. Horn (1988) defined the following endogenous factors as responsible for soil compaction: distribution and size of soil elements, type of clay mineral, type and amount of absorbed cations, content of organic matter, soil structure, soil stabilisation, topsoil material, bulk density of soil, pore continuity and water content. Exogenous factors include the duration, intensity and means of wood harvesting and wood loading. For instance, different machines, or even the same machines with different tyres, differ in their loading and pressure on the soil. Work by Greacen & Sands (1980) and Ole-Meiludie & Njau (1989) support the finding that the compaction rate depends on the concrete soil characteristics, pressure and vibrations of the

Soil Compaction - Impact of Harvesters' and Forwarders' Passages on Plant Growth