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How should tomorrow’s forests look and which future climatic conditions should they prevail? What kind of goods, services and experiences should they be able to provide; what kind of functions should they be able to perform? These are some of the multifaceted questions forest management faces today. Forestry policy objectives have grown into a broad range of benefit provisions, other than serving exclusively as the traditional timber suppliers. Today we thus address multiple-use forestry. Production of wood commodities and securing carbon storage is central, but does not necessarily rate above the creation of non timber forest products. Increasingly highly esteemed qualities, such as protecting landscape amenities and cultural heritage, nature conservation and environmental protection, as well as the entire chapter of recreational interests are considered. Consequently, economic and technical efficiency is still prioritized, but ecological and social parameters are progressively taken into account to ensure the multiple use. For these reasons, silvicultural strategies are required to develop economically productive forests with a high potential for nature conservation, ecosystem protection, and social values. One promising management strategy is to incorporate structural qualities and functional features of natural forest ecosystems – “to follow and assist nature in her development” as already stated 230 years ago by the Danish forester von Warnstedt (Decree of 1781 regarding the management of the Royal forests). This approach can be summarised by the term “nature-based silviculture” or “close-to-nature management” (Gamborg & Larsen, 2003). In North America, on a more general forest management level, ‘ecosystem management’ and ‘adaptive management’ can be recognized as part of this trend (Franklin et al., 2002). The aim is to reform current practices so that they are still profitable, but more environmentally benign and even more sensitive to the complexities of nature conservation and the multiple, varying and steadily increasing demands of society by mimicking natural forest structures, their processes as well as their dynamics (Angelstam et al., 2004; Lindenmayer, et al., 2006; Hahn et al., 2007; Larsen et al. 2010). The disturbances and regeneration processes in natural forest ecosystems, which cause structural heterogeneity at both large and small scale levels are linked to regional characteristics of climate, soil, and species compositions. These processes are being expressed as e.g. infrequent, large-scale storm and fire-driven disturbances in boreal ecosystems and as frequent, small-scale disturbances in Central-European forests. Hence models, describing the region-specific disturbance patterns, such as the forest cycle model,

Close-to-Nature Forest Management: The Danish Approach to Sustainable Forestry