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In Tunisia, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), particularly Kabuli genotypes, is the second pulse crop after faba bean. It is grown, in spring rainfed conditions (Wery, 1990), in humid and sub humid regions, mainly at Bizerte, Mateur, Beja, Jendouba and Nabeul areas (DGPA, 2006). Feeble production, about 13.518 tons with a reduced grain yield, nearly 0,67 t.ha-1 (DGPA, 2008), characterized by inter annual fluctuations, does not satisfy national needs. Tunisian government makes recourse to massive annual imports, about 19.000 tons (AAC, 2006), which account 141% of the national production. To satisfy national needs of this foodstuff, it would be useful to undertake researches to increase chickpea production through drought and thermal tolerant stress genotypes and extension of this species culture area to the semi-arid zones. Spring chickpea culture is subjected to drought stress, generally, combined with a thermal stress. These two abiotic stresses explain, partly, the production irregularity and the chickpea grain yield instability in our regions. Kumar and Abbo, (2001) reported that throughout the world, 90% of the chickpea cultures are rainfed and final dryness is the principal abiotic stress which blocks the production increase. Golezani et al, (2008) indicated that, in many areas of leguminous culture, such as chickpea, the climate is characterized by extremely variable precipitations and rather often deficit. Under such environmental conditions, scientists and farmers try to identify crops and soil management techniques for an adequate water use efficiency. Both temperature and moisture supply during the growing period had a strong influence on chickpea plant phenology (Silim and Saxena, 1993). Nayyar et al., (2006) reported that the flowering and pod setting stages appear to be the most sensitive stages to water stress. McVicar et al., (2007) noticed that the moisture stress is required to encourage seed set and to hasten maturity. If weather turns warm and dry, plants will be delayed in maturity and produce lower yields. However, Summerfield and Roberts (1988) announced that the chickpea flowering time is variable depending on season, sowing date, latitude, and altitude. According to Roberts et al., (1985), time to flowering was a function of temperature and photoperiod in chickpea. Ellis et al., (1994) further noticed that in some chickpea genotypes, time to flowering was influenced by photoperiod and temperature, whereas in others, flowering time was determined solely by photoperiod. Gumber and Sarvjeet (1996) studied the chickpea genetics of time to flowering and found that it was controlled by two genes. Kumar and van Rheenen (2000) announced the presence of one major gene (Efl-1/ efl-1) plus polygenes for this trait. Or et al., (1999) also supported this result, but they associated the major gene with sensitivity to photoperiod (Ppd/ppd).

Effects of Irrigation on the Flowering and Maturity of Chickpea Genotypes