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Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening, infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease has plagued human beings for many centuries as signs of tubercular damage have been found in Egyptian mummies and bones dating back at least 5,000 years ago [1]. Today, despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, TB is still a global pandemic, fueled by the spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), poverty and a lack of proper health services in many developing countries [2]. As a developing nation, many of the Caribbean countries face serious challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, care and management of patients with TB. Some of these challenges include TB/HIV co-infection, drug resistance, inadequate laboratory services, growth of inequity stemming from rising poverty and the presence of weak health systems in many countries [3]. A major challenge that affects the Caribbean is the lack of proper facilities for laboratory diagnosis of TB; and there is a dire shortage of laboratory facilities and capability for culture and drug susceptibility testing. Because of this, many cases of TB with low bacillary load may be missed by smear microscopy if culture is not routinely performed. This is even more so in HIV/AIDS patients where smear microscopy may be negative due to the small numbers of bacilli being produced as a result of reduced pulmonary cavity formation [4].

intech ebooks

Laboratory Diagnosis of Latent and Active Tuberculosis Infections in Trinidad &amp; Tobago and Determination of Drug Susceptibility Profile of Tuberculosis Isolates in the Caribbean