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The expanding information on agroforestry research and development around the globe shows that agroforestry is being promoted and implemented as a means to improve agricultural production for smallholder farmers with limited labor, financial, and land capital (Ajayi et al., 2007). In Africa, and particularly southern Africa, the main constraint to agricultural productivity is soil nutrient deficiency (Scoones & Toulmin, 1999; Sanchez et al., 1997). For this reason, agroforestry research in the region has focused on soil fertility replenishment (SFR) technologies over the years and the adoption and scaling-up of these practices is the main thrust of the ongoing on farm research (Akinnifesi et al., 2008; Akinnifesi et al, 2010). SFR encompasses a range of agroforestry practices aimed at increasing crop productivity through growing trees (usually nitrogen-fixing), popularized as fertilizer tree systems, directly on agricultural land. Fertiliser tree systems involve soil fertility replenishment through on-farm management of nitrogen-fixing trees (Akinnifesi et al 2010; Mafongoya et al., 2006). Fertiliser tree systems capitalise on biological N fixation by legumes to capture atmospheric N and make it available to crops. Most importantly, is the growing of trees in intimate association with crops in space or time to benefit from complementarity of resource use (Akinnifesi et al., 2010; Gathumbi et al., 2002). The different fertiliser tree systems that have been developed and promoted in southern Africa (see Akinnifesi et al, 2008; 2010) over the last two decades are briefly discussed below. The type of soil fertility replenishment (SFR) or fertilizer tree system appropriate for a particular setting is determined by a battery of ecological and social factors.

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Impact of Soil Fertility Replenishment Agroforestry Technology Adoption on the Livelihoods and Food Security of Smallholder Farmers in Central and Southern Malawi