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In Malaysia, Ultisols and Oxisols containing kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite and hematite in the clay fraction are very common especially in the upland areas, occupying about 72 % of the country’s land area. The soils are highly weathered as they exist under tropical environment with high rainfall and temperature throughout the year, resulting in leaching of plant nutrients and accumulation of sesquioxides (Anda et al., 2008a). They are by nature devoid of basic cations (Ca and Mg) and available P (due to fixation by the oxides) and hence, their productivity is generally considered as low. The soils are mainly utilized for oil palm and rubber cultivation with great success due to excellent soil management practices. With the expertise available in the country, palm oil and rubber are produced in large amounts for the world market. However, cocoa growing on these soils produces low yield which are attributed to low pH and aluminum and/or manganese toxicity. The problems of low productivity can be overcome by liming using ground magnesium limestone (Shamshuddin et al., 1991; Ismail et al., 1993; Shamshuddin and Ismail, 1995; Shamshuddin et al., 1998; Shamshuddin et al., 2009; Shamshuddin et al., 2010) or by applying basalt (Gillman et al., 2001; Anda et al., 2009; Shamshudin & Kapok, 2010). Basalt releases Ca, Mg, K, P and S on its dissolution into the soils (Gillman et al., 2002). Out of the six macronutrients needed by the growing crops in the field only N is not present in basalt. Most of the Ultisols and Oxisols in the tropics is lacking in organic matter which can supply essential plant nutrients as well as improve soil structures. Normal organic matter applied for alleviating the infertility of Ultisols and Oxisols in Malaysia is compost (Anda et al., 2008b; Anda et al., 2010) and palm oil mill effluents. This paper intends to classify the highly weathered soils in Malaysia and discusses the management of the soils for sustainable production of oil palm, rubber and cocoa. The information given in this paper is useful to students and researchers alike.

Classification and Management of Highly Weathered Soils in Malaysia for Production of Plantation Crops