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Accumulating evidence suggests that alterations of neuron-astroglia interactions are associated with development of neurodegenerative diseases (Barres, 2008; Ricci et al., 2009; Verkhratsky et al., 2010). Astrocytes contribute to a variety of functions of neurons, including synapse formation and plasticity, energetic and redox metabolism, and synaptic homeostasis of neurotransmitters and ions (Bolton & Eroglu, 2009; Nimmerjahn, 2009; Salmina, 2009; Verkhratsky, 2010; Wang & Bordey, 2008). It is well known that astrocytes play important role in supporting energy production in neurons. Astrocytes produce lactate which is actively taken up by active neurons. They utilize lactate as an alternative energy fuel. In turn, neuronal activation results in glutamate-stimulated glycolysis in astroglial cells. Thus, neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling provides tight interactions between the activated neuronal cells consuming lactate and lactate-producing astrocytes. Remodeling of astrocytes is required for adequate synapse turnover in the brain, and astrocytes or the closely related radial glial cells possess all the attributes of a neural stem cells, thereby playing a key role in neurogenesis (Steindler & Laywell, 2003; Theodosis et al., 2006). Functional relationship between neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells within so-called neurovascular unit is very important in the context of pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. A major function of the neurovascular unit is to regulate the transport and diffusion properties of brain capillary endothelial cells that compose the brain-blood barrier. Astrocytes exhibit anatomic relationships with cerebral arterioles and neurons. In the brain parenchyma, the extensive ensheatment of cerebral arterioles by astrocytic end-feet far exceeds any direct neural contacts with those perfusion-regulating microvessels. That unique arrangement permits astrocytes to transduce signals arising from activated neurons and to transmit that information to the cerebral microcirculation. Alteration of these processes may play a particularly significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The early and mid-term stages of neurodegenerative processes are associated with generalised atrophy of astroglia, whereas the later stages are characterized with an

Alteration of Neuron-Glia Interactions in Neurodegeneration: Molecular Biomarkers and Therapeutic Strategy