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Among contaminants involved in pollution, metals are peculiar as they are natural components of the geosphere. Volcanic eruptions, soil leaching, anthropogenic inputs, constitute different sources of metal introduction in the aquatic environments, the sea being the final receptacle for toxic compounds (Ramade, 1992). Moreover, they are the only environmental pollutants that are nor made nor degraded by Men but that are transported and transformed in various products that affect living organisms. Metals are present in the sea within its different compartments: water column, sediments and in marine biota, where they are accumulated from water or food. Some metals are so essential to living organisms that when their availability is limited, the process of life development may be negatively affected. In fact, beyond a given threshold, all metals, whether essential or not, may have toxicological and ecotoxicological effects. Toxic effects may impair numerous biological and physiological processes, leading to animal death and threatening of species conservation. The energy costs associated with excreting and/or detoxifying the ingested/assimilated metals may decrease growth and reproduction with negative consequence on population density and on ecological intra and inter-specific relations.

Contribution of X-Ray Spectroscopy to Marine Ecotoxicology: Trace Metal Bioaccumulation and Detoxification in Marine Invertebrates