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The forests of Vietnam provide a high conservation value considering habitat diversity despite massive forest destruction within the last decades (World Bank, 2010). Following recent studies Vietnam is one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world (Indo-Burma hotspot) (Myers et al., 2000; Brooks et al., 2002; World Bank, 2010; Werger and Nghia, 2006), but at the same time one out of eight tropical forest hotspots which will lose the largest number of species by cause of deforestation (Brooks et al., 2002). The impacts of the forest environment – and its ongoing degradation – on local socio-economic factors cannot be neglected. Actually, Vietnam has been defined as an archetypal case for a positive correlation between a high forest cover and a high poverty rate combined with a low poverty density (Sunderlin et al., 2007). In other words, regions with high forest cover are often sparsely populated but after all are among the poorest of the country. Forests are populated by the poor, but it is nowadays also an evidence that it is the poorest households which generally depend more on forests (Cavendish, 2003; Wunder, 2001), deriving several goods, income and services from them (Arnold, 2001; Dubois, 2002). Human and ecological factors in Vietnam make it a candidate for the implementation of sustainable forest management (SFM) with the objective of win / win solutions for both human well-being as well as forest ecosystems (Sunderlin and Ba, 2005). The recently implemented forest management types defined by the government had to face wide criticism concerning their success in reaching such win / win objectives, such as the existing gap between state intentions and local applications of policies, the poor involvement of households in the forestry sector and their insufficient payment for protection activities, or the disturbance of traditional land-use systems (Clement and Amezaga, 2008; Boissiere et al., 2009; Sunderlin and Ba, 2005; Wunder et al. 2005). In the course of national decentralisation processes the former state organised forest enterprises were fragmented and land / forest was reallocated to communities and private stakeholders. It is essential to record and compare the different stakeholder perceptions concerning SFM to elaborate adequate criteria and indicator (C&I) sets to be able to

Setting Up Locally Appropriate Ecological Criteria and Indicators to Evaluate Sustainable Forest Management in Dinh Hoa District (Northern Vietnam)