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Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. In 2006, there were about 61,240 diagnosed cases of bladder cancer and approximately 13,060 deaths attributable to this disease, being the prevalence estimated worldwide more than 1,000,000 patients (Jemal et al., 2006; Lerner, 2005). Taking into account that its incidence seems to be increasing, bladder cancer is clearly a significant public health issue around the world. Thus, it is necessary to intensify research on this topic. Urinary bladder cancer originates mainly from epithelial cells of the urothelium (LopezBeltran et al., 2004; Montironi et al., 2005). When initially diagnosed, most bladder cancers (about 70%) do not present muscle invasion, and are thus known as non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (pTa and pT1). In these cases, a simple transurethral resection is sufficient to remove the tumor. However, some patients experience recurrence or even tumor progression. The progression of the tumor involves invasion of tumor cells, which penetrate deeper layers of the bladder such as the detrusor muscle (pT2), perivesical tissue (pT3) and extravesical organs (pT4) (Figure 1). Since this progression threatens the patient's life, more aggressive therapies are necessary (Sobin et al., 1997). Intensive research in bladder cancer, as well as that in most tumors, is being carried out to elucidate the reason for the appearance of tumors, and to find out which factors are involved in their development and which are related to the tumor progression process. These investigations, which provide insights into the biology of the tumor, are essential for the implementation of new therapeutic and/or preventive modalities (Bhattacharya et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2011). Research on basic science is focused on the mechanisms that lead cells towards transformation and development of cancer, using simple experimental models where it is easier to interpret the results. Cell culture techniques are widely used to study different oncological processes. The cell culture is the growth of any cell type, usually tumor cells, in with nutrient-containing solutions. The cells grow attached to the plastic surface, forming a monolayer, usually in a two-dimensional way. This technique allows studying processes such as mutagenesis, invasion, migration, and production of proteolytic enzymes. Although cell culture is a very important tool, it has certain limitations. Many biological processes depend on the three-dimensional architecture. In addition, monolayer culture is usually

Animal Models for Basic and Preclinical Research in Bladder Cancer